2.
Animism.
Wikipedia.
“Animism (from Latin: anima, 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.... Animism encompasses the beliefs that all material phenomena have agency, that there exists no hard and fast distinction between the spiritual and physical (or material) world and that soul or spirit or sentience exists not only in humans but also in other animals, plants, rocks, geographic features such as mountains or rivers or other entitie
3.
Doniger, Wendy (ed.).
Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions.
animism.
Merriam-Webster,
1998.
“belief in spiritual beings that are capable of helping or harming human interests.... The term animism covers a range of spirits, from sojourning ghosts and mortal witches to perennial beings, whose natures and dispositions to humanity are attributed by categories.”
6.
Hinnells, John R. (ed.).
Penguin Dictionary of Religions.
animism.
Penguin Books,
1997.
“(1) The belief that a Spirit (or spirits) is active in aspects of the environment.... (2) The theory that the origin of religion lies in "belief in spirits"... (3) A loose, misleading, designation for religion in any tribal culture.”
