fortifications

Late C13 - early C14 keep with links to square towers at East and West, all battlemented. License to crenellate 1340. New wood footbridge over moat to portcullis in slightly projecting centrepiece of late C14.

On the door of this church in 1517, Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses against the sale of indulgences and launched the Reformation. The church contains the tombs of Luther, Melanchthon and Frederick the Wise.

Clifford's Tower is a 13th-century fortification atop a small grassy hill, built for King Henry III on the site of William the Conqueror's wooden keep. Fine views of York can be had from the top.

Kimbolton Castle (now Kimbolton School) in Cambridgeshire is best known as the final home of Catherine of Aragon, following the annulment of her marriage to King Henry VIII.

Castle, now prison and courthouses. Occupies part of the site of a Roman fort.

Norman keep C.1155 of ragstone ashlar blocks picked out flints with Caen stone dressings. Around the keep are ranges of C18 houses of 2 to 3 storeys ashlar with flint galleting. Round headed windows.

1868. Built by John Smedley. A large castellated mansion, the nucleus having square 3-storeyed towers at the angles, and the site enclosed by battlemented curtain-walls with out-towers.

This small rocky island just off the north coast of France is topped with a fortified Benedictine abbey dating from the 11th century. Accessible only at low tide, it is certainly one of the most atmospheric sites in the country.